History of the Mil= likin University Department of Chemistry

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George D.= =20 Bennett, Millikin University =

Classes began at Millikin University on September 15, 1903. The next da= y,=20 student agitation in the chemistry laboratory led to the creation of campu= s=20 athletic programs. Since that time, the Department of Chemistry has= =20 continued to play a major role in the life of Millikin University.

James Millikin, a cattle herder, realtor, banker and philanthropist in= =20 Decatur, Illinois, teamed with the Cumberland Presbyterian Church and the = city=20 of Decatur to provide funding for a college

"‘where the scientific, the practical and industrial shall have a= place of=20 equal
importance, side by side with the literary and the classical.= 217;"(1)=20

Millikin's eponymous institution was founded on April 30, 1901 and dedi= cated=20 by President Theodore Roosevelt on June 4, 1903.(2) Ninety-seven classes h= ave=20 since been graduated, and the university is poised to celebrate a centenar= y of=20 fulfilling James Millikin's vision.

A Smaller, Downstate University of Chicago?

Several parallels between the fledgling Millikin University and the=20 University of Chicago, Millikin's senior by ten years, are worthy of note.= Both=20 institutions were among the first in the country to combine liberal and=20 vocational education. The above quotation from James Millikin found its=20 counterpart in the words of Albion W. Small, Dean of the Graduate School o= f Arts=20 and Literature at the University of Chicago:

"‘. . . we are adopting in practice the calling conception of edu= cation. . .=20 We
are about to declare in practice that we will no longer defer and d= efraud=20
preparation for our vocations out of deference to an illusory standard= of=20
mental depth and breadth. . . college education is become rudimentary= =20
professional education.’"(3)

The first president of the University of Chicago, William Rainey Harper= , was=20 committed to

"an education that prepared students for practical life."(4)

Both institutions began with seed money from a wealthy benefactor combi= ned=20 with funds provided by a Christian denomination. James Millikin's bank was= the=20 largest in Illinois outside of Chicago. The banker contributed half of the= =20 initial funds, as well as the land, for his college and challenged his cit= y and=20 the Presbyterian Church to match the monetary gift.(5) In the case of the= =20 University of Chicago, the benefactor was John D. Rockefeller, and the=20 denomination was Baptist. However, the proposal and planning for the Unive= rsity=20 of Chicago did not originate with Mr. Rockefeller as the proposal and plan= ning=20 for Millikin University did with James Millikin.(6)

Both universities were located in rapidly-growing "western" cities. The= =20 population of Decatur in 1860 numbered approximately 3,800.(7) By the 1880= s, it=20 had reached 12,000, on its way to 41,000 in 1915.(8) Chicago tripled in si= ze=20 between 1870 and 1890 and had become the second largest city in the countr= y.(9)=20 This explosive growth was caused in no small way by the spread of railroad= s.=20 Decatur's position, roughly equidistant from Chicago, St. Louis and=20 Indianapolis, made it an ideal depot for overland shipping between those a= nd=20 other cities. Between 1849 (five years before the first train rolled throu= gh=20 town) and 1857, the population of Decatur more than quadrupled from 900 to= =20 3,650.(10) Similarly, Chicago was situated such that much cross-country tr= affic=20 passed through it. Incidentally, both communities played a prominent role = in the=20 presidential election campaign of Abraham Lincoln in 1860. Decatur was the= site=20 of the Illinois Republican nominating convention, and Chicago played host = to the=20 national Republican nominating convention.(11)

Faculty and Students in the Department of Chemistry

The Department of Chemistry was part of Millikin University from the=20 beginning. It, like any other department, acquired a culture through the=20 contributions of both its faculty and students. Exemplary individuals from= both=20 groups are profiled below. Although these lists are intended to be=20 representative, they are not intended to be exhaustive. Readers should not= =20 interpret the omission of someone as a criticism of that person's=20 contribution(s) to either the department or chemistry.

Of the forty-five chemistry faculty members employed at Millikin during= its=20 first century, Dr. John Charles Hessler stands out above all others becaus= e of=20 his contributions to both his discipline and the college.

Hessler received his Ph.D. in chemistry at the University of Chicago in= 1899=20 under the direction of John Ulrich Nef(12), the head of Chicago's chemistr= y=20 department whose research was well-known in both America and Germany.(13) = Nef's=20 goal at the University of Chicago was to develop a program of chemistry th= at=20 would be

"‘comparable with the best in Germany.’"(14)

Nef has been described as

"a man intent upon advanced instruction and research."(15)

It is fair to say that Hessler followed his example.

At the age of 20, while still an undergraduate at the University of Chi= cago,=20 Hessler passed a qualifying examination to become a high school chemistry = and=20 physics teacher. Over the next ten years, he continued to teach at the hig= h=20 school level and completed both his Master’s degree and doctorate. A= fter working=20 as a chemistry instructor at his alma mater, Hessler arrived at Millikin i= n=20 1907. His tenure lasted until 1920. For the first seven years of his stay,= =20 Hessler was the only faculty member in the department. By the time he left= , the=20 department had grown to three faculty members. However, this expansion too= k=20 place in part because Hessler became dean in 1917 and acting president in = 1919.=20 After the 1919-1920 academic year, Hessler left Millikin to become the ass= istant=20 director of the Mellon Institute of Industrial Research (Pittsburgh, PA). = In=20 1921, he joined the faculty at Knox College. In 1934, he put his retiremen= t=20 plans on hold and returned to Millikin to serve as the sixth president of = the=20 university. He fulfilled the duties of his office until his death on July = 29,=20 1944 at the age of 75.(16)

Hessler contributed to the field of chemistry by organizing the Illinoi= s=20 Academy of Science in 1908(17) and by writing two textbooks. He shared=20 authorship of his first book, Essentials of Chemistry, with Albert = L.=20 Smith. The original book was published in 1902, and a revised edition with= an=20 accompanying laboratory manual was publishd in 1912. The book was necessar= y,=20 according to the authors, because a:

"knowledge of Chemical Sciences is necessary for the intelligent study = of=20
other natural sciences, such as geology, astronomy, biology, physiolog= y,=20 etc.,
for these sciences make special applications of the ideas= of=20 Chemistry.
Chemistry is also very practical, for the facts and methods= it=20 teaches are
in the most common use in the arts and every-day life."(18= ,=20 emphasis in original)

The book extensively described industrial methods of preparation of var= ious=20 elements and compounds. It also stressed experimental methods:

"Equations mean nothing unless they are the result of experiment."(19,=20
emphasis in original)

The laboratory manual consisted of 87 experiments, each designed for a = one-=20 to two-hour lab period.(20)

Hessler's second book, The First Year of Chemistry, was publishe= d in=20 1931. While similar in organization to the first book, the rationale for t= his=20 second effort was, in part, to

"justify the science [of chemistry] to those who have only one school y= ear in=20
which to become acquainted with it."(21)

Hessler included some of the history of chemistry

"in order to show glimpses of the path along which the minds of the gre= at=20
discoverers had to travel."(22)

The efficacy of this approach is underscored by the recent publication = of a=20 book that argues for the inclusion of the history and philosophy of scienc= e=20 rather than adherence to the latest fads of education theory as a superior= way=20 of promoting scientific understanding.(23)

Hessler endeavored to make his book current with the latest findings. F= or=20 example, he included pictures of G.N. Lewis' cubes to illustrate the octet= rule,=20 and he defined periodicity in terms of atomic number as opposed to atomic= =20 weight.(24) Throughout, he retained his characteristic emphasis on the=20 application of chemical knowledge to practical problems of manufacturing a= nd=20 common life.

Despite not being at a large research university, Hessler remained an a= ctive=20 scholar while at Millikin.(25) By including undergraduate students in his = work,=20 he began a tradition of undergraduate research that continues to this day.= (26)=20

As university president, Hessler continued to influence the future of=20 chemistry at Millikin by proposing the construction of a building dedicate= d to=20 the sciences. Although he did not live to see the realization of his dream= ,=20 construction began on a new science building on May 24, 1953.(27) The new= =20 facility was dedicated on September 21, 1955 and named Scovill Science Hal= l(28),=20 in honor of Guy and Rose Scovill, two then-recently-deceased residents who= gave=20 more than one million dollars to Decatur's educational, religious and char= itable=20 organizations.(29)

Hessler's contributions to Millikin University are commemorated with a = plaque=20 in Scovill Science Hall and with a residence hall that bears his name.

James H. Ransom was the first of four Millikin chemistry professors to = serve=20 the department for at least 20 years. He remained a member of the chemistr= y=20 faculty from 1921 until 1941. The trajectory of his career bears some=20 resemblance to that of Hessler. He also received his Ph.D. from the Univer= sity=20 of Chicago in 1899 but under the direction of Julius Stieglitz.(30) Stiegl= itz,=20 like Nef, was published in both American and German journals.(31) Thus, fo= r 33=20 of its first 38 years and for one-third of its existence, the Millikin che= mistry=20 department benefitted from the wisdom of a product of the University of Ch= icago.=20

Ransom also contributed to his discipline by writing textbooks and othe= r=20 course materials, including General Chemistry in 1915, Experimen= tal=20 General Chemistry in 1916, Outline of Qualitative Analysis in 1= 922,=20 and Experimental Chemistry: General and Qualitative in 1938.

Other faculty members of note include the following (years at Millikin = in=20 parentheses):

Charles Meserve (1903-1907), Millikin's first chemistry professo= r;=20

Esther McCredie (1918-1921), Millikin's first woman chemistry=20 professor;

Carl Weatherbee (1952-1982), Millikin's longest-serving chemistr= y=20 professor;

Homer Smith (1985-1997), named the 1996 Illinois College Profess= or of=20 the Year by the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching;

Mauri Ditzler (1994-1999), professor of analytical chemistry, De= an of=20 the College of Arts and Sciences, and nationally-known developer of discov= ery or=20 guided inquiry chemistry;

Anne Rammelsberg (1994-present), Millikin's first full-time=20 biochemist; and

George Bennett (1997-present), Millikin's most recent addition a= nd=20 first second-generation chemistry professor (George's father Richard=20 Bennett taught at Millikin from 1961 to 1963).

Over 350 alumni of the Millikin chemistry department live today in 40 s= tates,=20 one U.S. commonwealth and two countries. They, and the alumni who are now= =20 deceased, have all achieved a measure of success in their chosen fields.=20 However, several have made notable contributions to the fields of chemistr= y,=20 biochemistry, chemical engineering and chemical education.

John Leighty, a Decatur resident, became attracted to chemistry after=20 performing undergraduate research and was graduated from Millikin in 1931.= He=20 matriculated at Purdue University, where he received both his Master's and= Ph.D.=20 degrees. Upon completion of his doctorate, Dr. Leighty began a career at E= li=20 Lilly and Company in Indianapolis. He was a member of the team that first= =20 produced penicillin for the company in the 1940s and was involved in devel= oping,=20 producing and supervising the production of such pharmaceuticals as=20 erythromycin, vancomycin, streptomycin and propoxyphene. His 33-year caree= r was=20 capped by his tenure as Executive Director of Scientific Research, a posit= ion=20 which made him responsible for 650 Lilly scientists in seven research divi= sions.=20

Leighty's love for Millikin and gratitude for his undergraduate educati= on=20 compelled him to give generously of his time and money to his alma mater. = He=20 served on the Board of Trustees from 1967 until 1970. He and his wife, a=20 Millikin biology alumna, established the John and Ula Leighty Research Awa= rd in=20 Biology, and later he began the John and Ula Leighty Science Scholars Prog= ram.=20 Leighty served as the Honorary Chair of the Campaign for Science and donat= ed=20 over $2 million toward a new science building that is scheduled to open in= the=20 2001-2002 academic year.

In 1962, Leighty received the Alumni Merit Award. Nine years later, he = and=20 his wife were named Alumni of the Year. Leighty received the Millikin Univ= ersity=20 Presidential Leadership Award in 1995. Three laboratories in the new scien= ce=20 building will be named in his honor.

Dr. Leighty passed away on February 27, 2000.

Robert Penneman was graduated from Millikin in 1941. He completed Maste= r's=20 and Ph.D. degrees at the University of Illinois. Penneman has more than 50= years=20 of experience in inorganic and nuclear chemistry, including 37 years as ma= nager=20 of Los Alamos National Laboratory. He now serves the lab as a consultant a= fter=20 semi-retirement. During his career, he patented a method to remove water f= rom=20 rocket fuel. He also taught for several years at the University of Califor= nia=20 and was an adjunct professor for the University of New Mexico.

Millikin awarded Penneman an honorary Doctor of Science degree in 1961.= He=20 received the 1995 Glenn T. Seaborg Actinide Separations Award for outstand= ing=20 accomplishment in the field of actinide separations science. In 1999, he=20 received the Alumni Merit Award from Millikin.

Other noteworthy chemistry alumni include the following individuals in= =20 chronological order of graduation (year of graduation in parentheses):

James Fritz (1946), Distinguished Professor of chemistry at Iowa= State=20 University, developer of ion chromatography and solid phase extraction,=20 recipient of the 1976 ACS Award in Chromatography, the 1985 ACS Analytical= =20 Chemistry Award, the 1991 Dal Nogare Award and the 1969 Millikin Alumni Me= rit=20 Award;

Maurice Armstrong (1948), who came to Millikin on the promise of= being=20 allowed to perform undergraduate research and taught in the Millikin chemi= stry=20 department from 1952 until 1957 prior to becoming a research associate at= =20 Dupont;

Wilfred Chen-Sun Ling (1950), retired senior development enginee= r,=20 Abbott Labs;

Guido Guidotti (1954), Higgins Professor of Biochemistry, Depart= ment=20 of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University;

Paul Hung (1956), retired as Assistant Vice President, Wyeth-Aye= rst=20 and currently President of Global Biotech, Inc. and Chairman of the Board = of=20 RDNA Corporation;

Richard Quisenberry (1956), former Vice President of [World-wide= ]=20 Research at Dupont, Executive Director of AMTEX Partnership (a research an= d=20 development partnership between the integrated textile industry and twelve= of=20 the largest R&D laboratories of the United States government) and one = of the=20 most talented sprinters to ever attend Millikin;(32)

Albert Ho (1957), chairman of Yuen Shen Enterprise Co., Ltd., a = paper=20 milling company in Taichung, Taiwan;

Ken Spitzer (1964), Assistant Dean of Sciences at Washington Sta= te=20 University;

Bruce Kowalski (1965), professor of chemistry at the University = of=20 Washington and developer of chemometrics;

Henry Scobell (1970), senior research fellow, A.E. Staley=20 Manufacturing, Co.;

Paul Rosteck (1976), senior research scientist of BioResearch=20 Technologies and Proteins at Eli Lilly and Company and contributor to the = Human=20 Genome Project;

Gordon Weatherbee (1976), senior chemical engineer at W.R. Grace= &=20 Co.;

Mark Matlock (1977), research director at Archer Daniels Midland= ;

John Hoots (1978), senior research scientist at Nalco Corp. and = member=20 of the Inventors Hall of Fame;

Cathy Johnson (1989), research chemist at Nalco Corp.;

Ann Louise Sumner (1996), graduate student at Purdue University= =20 studying chemistry north of the Arctic Circle who found that formaldehyde = is=20 produced photochemically at the air-snow interface;(33) and

Emilie Porter (1998), graduate student at the University of Wisc= onsin=20 who recently helped develop a non-natural peptide that is active against f= our=20 species of bacteria.(34)

Since 1985, an average of approximately eight chemistry majors have bee= n=20 graduated each year from Millikin. An annual average of about 50% of these= =20 alumni pursue graduate or professional degrees.

The University and the Department of Chemistry Today

At the dawn of its second century, Millikin University is a private,=20 four-year, comprehensive, primarily undergraduate institution that consist= s of=20 four main divisions: the College of Arts and Sciences, the College of Fine= Arts,=20 the Tabor School of Business and the School of Nursing. The Department of= =20 Chemistry within the College of Arts and Sciences has one full-time, tenur= ed or=20 tenure-track faculty member representing each of the five main sub-discipl= ines=20 (Biochemistry was added in 1994). The department has been certified by the= =20 Committee on Professional Training of the American Chemical Society since = 1988.=20 Although students who major in chemistry choose one of four emphases (rese= arch,=20 biochemistry, business or secondary education), all chemistry majors have = been=20 required to complete at least one semester of undergraduate research since= 1986=20 and at least one semester of research at Millikin under the direction of a= =20 Millikin faculty member since 1998. Making undergraduate research a priori= ty is=20 one of the oldest and proudest traditions of the department.

Conclusion

According to Alfred North Whitehead:

"[t]he antithesis between a technical and a liberal education is fallac= ious.=20
There can be no adequate technical education which is not liberal, and= no=20
liberal education which is not technical: that is, no education which = does=20 not
impart both technique and intellectual vision."(35)

For one hundred years, Millikin University has operated with this philo= sophy.=20 The school was founded and shaped, whether by coincident or by intent, acc= ording=20 to the model set by the University of Chicago. In that sense, it is fittin= g that=20 the life of Millikin University began in the twentieth century. Part of a= =20 liberal education involves introducing students to the best traditions of = the=20 culture. A modern, western university was arguably in the best position to= =20 introduce students to the modern, western elements of the liberal traditio= n,=20 viz. the fusion of classical and vocational education.

The faculty and alumni of the Department of Chemistry have left a signi= ficant=20 mark on Millikin University since its infancy. The words of Chicago's Prof= essor=20 Nef serve as both a description of the Millikin department's past and a=20 prediction for its future:

"‘There is not the slightest reason why this country should not d= evelop men=20
[and women] who love chemistry for its own sake and who will be willin= g=20
to sacrifice much for it.’"(36)

That is the ambition of the Millikin chemistry faculty, and to that end= the=20 faculty will devote their strength and enthusiasm in the department's seco= nd=20 century.

Acknowledgements

The author thanks Jason Butterick, Coordinator of Centennial Archives f= or=20 Millikin University, and Anne-Marie Berk for information about Millikin's= =20 chemistry faculty and alumni. The author thanks Renee McKinney and Jay=20 Satterfield, librarians at the University of Chicago, for information abou= t that=20 institution's chemistry faculty and alumni.

References and Notes

1. 1996-1997 Millikin University Bulletin, Millikin University,= =20 Decatur, IL, 1996, 5.

2. "President Theodore Roosevelt Comes Today to Dedicate the James Mill= ikin=20 University," Decatur Herald, June 4, 1903, 2. The original James Mi= llikin=20 University consisted of two campuses, one in Decatur and one in Lincoln,=20 Illinois. The Decatur campus was formally known as the Decatur College and= =20 Industrial School. The university was consolidated at Decatur under the na= me=20 "Millikin University" in 1953.

3. R.J. Storr, A History of the University of Chicago: Harper's=20 University: The Beginnings, The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, = IL,=20 1966, 305.

4. Ref. 3, p. 133.

5. Ref. 1.

6. Ref. 3, p. 31.

7. O.R. Kyle, Abraham Lincoln in Decatur, Vantage Press, New Yor= k, NY,=20 1957, 100.

8. D.C. Irwin, Decatur Serving Others: A Pictorial History, G. B= radley=20 Publishing, Inc.,
St. Louis, MO, 1998, 22-26.

9. Ref. 3, p. 11.

10. Ref. 7, pp. 56-59.

11. Ref. 7, pp. 100-115.

12. J.C. Hessler, "On Alkyl Malonic Nitriles and Their Derivatives," Am.=20 Chem. J., 1899,

22, 169-198.

13. D.S. Tarbell, A.T. Tarbell, Essays on The History of Organic Che= mistry=20 in the United States, 1875-1955, Folio Publishers, Nashville, TN, 1986= , 41.=20

14. Ref. 3, p. 72.

15. Ref. 3, p. 127.

16. "J.C. Hessler, Millikin President, Dies," Decatur Herald and=20 Review, July 30, 1944, 1,3.

17. Ref. 8, p. 134.

18. J.C. Hessler, A.L. Smith, Essentials of Chemistry, Rev. ed. = with=20 laboratory manual,
B.H. Sanborn & Co., Boston, MA, 1912, 10.

19. Ref. 18, p. 91.

20. Ref. 18, p. 539.

21. J.C. Hessler, The First Year of Chemistry, Benj. H. Sanborn = &=20 Co., Chicago, IL,
1931, iii.

22. Ref. 21.

23. M.R. Matthews, Science Teaching: The Role of History and Philoso= phy of=20 Science,
Routledge, New York, NY, 1994.

24. Ref. 21, pp. 375, 385.

25. J.C. Hessler, "Alkylation of Cyanoacetic Ester," Am. Chem. J.,=20 1913, 35, 990-994.

26. J.C. Hessler, "Alkyl Cyanoacetic Acids," J. Am. Chem. Soc.,= =20 1916, 38, 909-916. In the introduction to the paper, Hessler= =20 credits three students with contributions to the project. Margaret Hessler= , one=20 of the three students and daughter of the professor, went on to become a n= oted=20 researcher on nutrition under the name Margaret Hessler Brooks at the Univ= ersity=20 of Chicago. In a sad twist of circumstance, according to Ref. 16, her husb= and=20 died the same day as her father.

27. "Ground is Broken for New Science Building at Millikin," Decatur= =20 Herald, May 25, 1953, 3.

28. "Millikin Dedicates Scovill Science Hall," Decatur Review,=20 September 21, 1955, 32.

29. "Decatur Diary: Scovill Gifts Many, Varied," Decatur Herald and= =20 Review, May 1, 1966, 51.

30. J.H. Ransom, "On the Molecular Rearrangement of o-Aminopheny= lethyl=20 Carbonate to o-Oxyphenylurethane," Am. Chem. J., 1900= ,=20 23, 1-50.

31. Ref. 13.

32. Quisenberry once held one of the three fastest times in the world i= n the=20 220-yard dash (curved track).

33. A.L. Sumner, P.B. Shepson, "Snowpack production of formaldehyde and= its=20 effect on
the Arctic troposphere," Nature, 1999, 398<= /I>,=20 230-233.

34. E.A. Porter, X. Wang, H.-S. Lee, B. Weisblum, S.H. Gellman,=20 "Non-haemolytic
b-amino-aci= d=20 oligomers," Nature, 2000, 404, 565.

35. A.N. Whitehead, "Technical Education and Its Relation to Science an= d=20 Literature," The Aims of Education and Other Essays= ,=20 Williams and Norgate, London, 1947, 73.

36. Ref. 3, p. 72.
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